Semaglutide, used both for type 2 diabetes management and weight loss, can have several potential side effects. Common side effects often relate to the gastrointestinal system but there are other considerations as well. Here’s a detailed look:
Common Side Effects
- Gastrointestinal Issues: The most frequently reported side effects are gastrointestinal in nature, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and constipation. These symptoms are generally mild to moderate and often decrease over time as the body adjusts to the medication.
- Appetite Changes: Decreased appetite is a common effect, which contributes to weight loss in patients using semaglutide.
Less Common but Serious Side Effects
- Pancreatitis: There is a risk of inflammation of the pancreas, which is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms can include severe abdominal pain that may radiate to the back.
- Kidney Problems: In some cases, semaglutide can affect kidney function, leading to kidney injury or worsening of pre-existing kidney disease.
- Gallbladder Issues: There have been reports of gallbladder-related problems, such as gallstones and inflammation of the gallbladder, particularly in patients losing weight rapidly.
- Hypoglycemia: When used with other medications for diabetes that can lower blood sugar, such as insulin or sulfonylureas, semaglutide can increase the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
Rare and Serious Side Effects
- Thyroid Tumors: In animal studies, semaglutide has been linked to a type of thyroid tumor called medullary thyroid carcinoma. It is unclear if this risk is the same in humans, but the medication comes with a warning for this potential risk.
- Diabetic Retinopathy: People with type 2 diabetes who rapidly improve their blood sugar control may experience worsening or new onset of diabetic retinopathy.
Allergic Reactions
Although rare, some individuals may experience severe allergic reactions to semaglutide, including anaphylaxis, angioedema, or severe skin reactions.
Patients considering or currently taking semaglutide should monitor for these side effects and discuss any concerns with their healthcare provider. The provider can help manage side effects effectively and make adjustments to the treatment plan if necessary.